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THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT 
IN OREGON 



CHINA QK DENNY PHEASANT (male), one-Sfth natural size 
(Phasianus torquatus] 



Iiniitnu jIHH-jno .(•alum) T/. 

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The China or Denny Pheasant in Oregon 

WITH NOTES ON THE 

Native Grouse of the Pacific Northwest 



WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED 
BY 



WILLIAM T. SHAW, B.Agr., M.S. 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM, STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON 




PHILADELPHIA & LONDON 

]. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 

1908 



Copvr.loiiT l^H",. HV W. T. Shaw 



COPVKUCHT l'.KJ,s, BV \V, T, Shah- 



rillilislif.1 Man-li, lllOS 



UBKARYofOONGKESSJ 
Two copies Hcceivcd 

MAR 4 1908 

Jouyrmm tiurv ^ 

20 J "Z-^" *? 



Prinipfl htj J. B. Lippincoti Company 
Tlie Wadiini/tiin Squiire ftv.«s. FUiladelpl,iu. V. S. A. 



TO 

M. J. S-S. 



Acknowledgments 

IN THE preparation of the manuscript for this work the writer is indebted to Mrs. 
O. N. Denny and Mrs. B. O. Scott for many facts relating to the importation of these 
pheasants. In making the illustrations much valuable assistance was rendered by 
Mr. B. L. Cunningham. The tinting of the frontispiece was done by Mr. Katso Merita, 
Japanese artist. Many of the specimens from which the illustrations were made were 
furnished by Messrs. 'Gene M. Simpson, A. R. Woodcock, H. L. French, F. L. Smith, 
and Rev. E. F. Green, to whom the writer is grateful. 

The writer is also indebted to the works of Dr. Robert Ridgway and Mrs. Florence 
Merriam Bailey, for information relating to the geographical distribution of the native 
birds treated in the text. 

The illustrations are entirely original, those of the birds being made from specimens 
mounted and photographed by the writer. 



W. T. S. 



State College of Washington, 

Pullman, February 10, 1908. 



List of Plates 



1 China or Denny Pheasant (Male) 

2 Peterson's Butte .... 

3 China or Denny Pheasant (Female) 

4 Nest of China Pheasant 

5 Deserted Nest 

6 China Pheasant Chicks 

7 The Beautiful WiLLAME-rrE . 

8 Sooty Grouse .... 

9 Hy'brid: China Pheasant — Sooty Grou 

10 Willow Ptarmigan (Alaskan) . 

11 Sage Grouse .... 

12 Columbia Sharp-tailed Grouse 

13 Oregon Ruffed Grouse 

14 Mountain Partridge 

15 Valley Partridge . 



Fronti 



27 
29 
31 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
43 
47 
49 
51 



The China or Denny Pheasant in Oregon 

MIDWAY between the states of California and Washington, among the lowest 
western foot-hills of the Cascades, stands a butte, low and weathered, worn 
down almost to a cone, yet so bold as to form a landmark toward which wandering 
Oregonians of the Willamette turn fondly as to scenes of earlier days. Close by to the 
north flows the graceful Santiam fresh from mountains of fir and alder from which it 
comes, step by step, over beautiful waterfalls, sparkling cascades, and swirling eddies, 
murmuring there the subdued song of a high-altitude water-thread, by whose side the 
weary dust-worn desert traveller, from the sage plains far to the east, drinks and is 
rested. Below, it flows calmly on across broad prairies to join the beautiful Willamette. 
Here, by stream and butte, among the hills and grassy slopes, was liberated the China 
or Denny pheasant, destined to become with remarkable rapidity Oregon's most 
renowned game-bird. 

The story of the introduction of the Chinese pheasant— sometimes called ring-necked — 
into Oregon is a simple one, yet none the less remarkable in its far-reaching results, for 
this experiment by the Willamette has undoubtedly given fresh and vigorous impetus to the 

11 



1^2 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

stocking of game in many another state. In 1880 the late Judge O. N. Denny, then 
Consul-General to Shanghai, after whom the legishiture of Oregon has since called the 
hird the "Denny pheasant," formulated the idea of introducing these beautiful creatures 
into his home in the United States. In his own words, "The Chinese farmers never shoot 
the l)irds nor (U) anything which tends to frighten them from their fields, holding them 
friends rather than enemies, doing far more good to their crops than harm by the 
destruction of insects. They take them with nets and market them alive, but the fact that 
they were often j)oor and thin induced me to purchase them by the dozen and feed them 
until they were fat and fit for my table. On one occasion I had in my inclosure a large 
number of extraordinarily handsome birds, and while admiring them I thought, What 
would r not give to be able to turn the entire lot adrift in Oregon 'i Then and there the 
resolve was in;i<le. "' 

The first shipment, consisting of seventy birds, reached Olympia on Puget Sound 
safely and were then put into small ordinary cooj)s to be sent to Portland. The coops 
were left uncovered, and on that short trip they beat themselves so violently against the 
bars in terror of the strange sights and sounds about them, that but seven or eight reached 
their destination alive; and they were so bruised that they soon died. With some the 
story would have ended here, yet ap|)arent failure, accompanied as it was by no light 



THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 13 

expense, only gave the participants a deeper assurance of its ultimate success, and this 
initial trial was to form the foundation for future efforts. So it followed that a year later 
Judge Denny made a second trial, this time with success. The utmost care was taken. 
The services of a tramp steamer coming to Oregon were enlisted, a scow-load of sand 
was brought alongside and deposited between decks, several small boat-loads of various 
kinds of food, green stuff and grain, together with sundry large bags of charcoal were 
placed on board for their use, and the captain and sailors were paid well to attend to their 
wants. Poles of bamboo caged off a neat airy room sojne twenty feet square, and here in 
semi liberty thirty birds were turned, and here they stretched their wings and fluttered 
and scratched in the sand and ate of the food provided for them. Talk of the hardships 
of an ocean voyage! Indeed these birds actually grew fat. Only four perished on the 
way and the remainder after reaching Portland were placed in the large cage which 
had been made under Judge Denny's supervision and shipped with the birds, and 
immediately turned over to a brother, Mr. John Denny, who had come to Portland to receive 
them. He took them to his large ranch in Linn County in the Willamette Valley, and 
here at the foot of Peterson's Butte the travellers were liberated. Grain was scattered 
about freely; a little band of friends and neighbors took the cage up the mountain side, 
and after opening the door, hid themselves and waited for the birds to come forth. They 



14 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

found tlioif way out slowly, purring about and stretching themselves and keeping near 
their cage, seeming to feel that it was liome. For a long time, indeed all through the fol- 
lowing winter, they did not go far away, but came about the farms, sometimes coming to 
feed WMth the chickens, (iradually, however, their wild nature triumphed, and as they 
became acclimatized and used to the bearings of the new country in which they found 
themselves tliey strayed off farther and farther. Soon after an act of protection was passed 
by the legislature for a period of five years. At the end of that time the act was renewed 
for another five years, and by that time the birds had become so successfully acclimatized 
as to withstand the most vigorous annual onslaughts. Thus encouraged, and disregard- 
ing the heavy expense which these undertakings incurred. Judge Denny resolved upon 
a third. This time, about two years later, his attention was turned toward a shipment 
of pheasants and partridges, ninety birds in all, in which the ring-necked was not a pre- 
dominating factor. The ones now sent were largely silver and copper pheasants, the 
latter, beautiful long-tailed birds, with j)lumage of burnished copjjer color which reflected 
brilliantly from them as they flew through the gleaming sun-rays. The shipment also 
contained a little Chefoo partridge, j>etite and unique in its spotted plumage. These 
also survived transportation finely, and were turned over to a club whose members thus 
assumed the responsibility of bearing further expense. The birds were transferred to a 



THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 15 

suitable island in the Columbia River and there turned loose in charge of a rancher. 
Unfortunately, however, through a series of unforeseen circumstances the organization lost 
control and in the course of time the birds became scattered. Regarding the fate of the 
partridge and copper pheasant, little is known. It is said that the latter, being strong of 
wing, have subsequently escaped to the mainland and become lost to record. Many flocks 
of silver pheasants now west of the Cascades trace their ancestry to this island in the 
Columbia.* The success of the second shipment of birds, which were taken charge of by 
Judge Denny's brother, Mr. John Denny, is now a matter of history, for it is from these, 
the ring-necks, that the Pacific Northwest is stocked. We remain indebted to the fore- 
thought, energy, and determination of those who, in the face of obstacles and discourage- 
ments, brought it to completion. In the light of these facts it seems unfortunate that the 
name "Denny pheasant" cannot be more universally used. For this account of the intro- 
duction of the pheasant into Oregon the writer is indebted to Mrs. O. N. Denny, to whose 
efforts, together with those of her late husband, the success of the enterprise is largely due. 
There were splendid native birds in the state before the pheasant, but for numerous 
reasons many of them are fast disappearing. Nowhere in all America are found more 
species of magnificent native grouse than in the West. Passing the Rocky Mountains 

* Protection Island, Washington. 



16 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

one meets the Dusky, Richardson, FrankHn, and the Sooty; all timber birds of unusual 
size, the male dusky being over twenty inches in length, remarkable dimensions for a bird 
so stocky as the grouse. Several species of Ruffed grouse aj^pear throughout the forest 
tracts, while high on the mountain sides by the rims of perpetual snow lives the beautiful 
White-tailed Ptarmigan. On the ])lains the Sage and Sharp-tailed still live, largely unmo- 
lest<><l. For some of these the story of extermination may soon be written. Their very 
nature is against them. One at least, the sooty, is even now having its diminishing ranks 
rapidly filled by the imported bird from the Orient. 

I'ioneers of the early days tell of the strange henlike birds, met with on their journey 
across mountain and j)lain. "Fool-hens," they called them; birds without apparent 
fear of man, that stood calmly eyeing him from the path at his feet, or craning their necks 
from the lower branches of a near-by tree, often to be actually clubbed to death, for their 
flesh was good to the sturdy traveller. Remote mountains hold them yet. Fool-hens 
they were, fool-hens they are still, to their own destruction and possible extermination. 

Of these, the sooty, or " hooter, " or " blue" grouse, deserves more than passing notice; 
for it, with the Oregon ruffed grouse or " drummer," now j)opularly spoken of as "natives" 
in distinguishing tliem from the exotic bird, together with the Mountain Partridge or 
"(|uail," constituted the original upland game birds of the Willamette Valley, and it 



THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 17 

seems to be the only one of these to be losing its ground. The reason is apparent. The 
partridge is small, prolific, very swift and active, and owing to its size is less sought by 
sportsmen. The ruffed grouse too, though larger, is very alert, and is further possessed 
with remarkable protective coloration. He seems actually to thrive in partially settled 
land where shrubs bearing wild fruits abound. But with the sooty grouse it is different. 
He is larger and somewhat slow of flight, and in early days at least, before hard experience 
had taught him the ways of man, was a fool-hen too. Men, still young today, tell you 
that in their boyhood they have actually killed the fledglings of these birds with sticks 
as they fed about shocks of wheat. Others tell of shooting whole flocks, picking them 
off, one by one, from a fence or tree-branch, down to the last bird. They were not meant 
to withstand civilized progression. These grouse spend the late summer in the wheat 
stubble skirting the timber of the foot-hills, but as winter approaches, take to the moun- 
tains. Here, high on the great, flat, tree-like branches of the giant firs, they live through- 
out the winter, feeding upon the small needles, and, it is said, rarely if ever coming to the 
ground. But the fir too, antl with it their winter food supply, is passing before the ax 
and forest fire. Later, from this same position, they drone their love-note of spring, utter- 
ing, at intervals throughout the dreamy, breathless days, a stifled nazal hooting suggestive 
of the great owls. And here again the settler's ear is attracted, and his rifle trained upon 



18 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

them, standing fearlessly outlined against the sky, until at last a bullet more true than 
its f)redecessor, and the bird is cut down. 

Some even say that the China pheasant is aiding in the work of extermination, but it 
is more probable that careful scientific observation will show the real trouble to rest largely 
with the grouse, it being unable to adapt itself to the new conditions accompanying the 
settlement of the country. 

In a curious way tlie territories inhabited by the sooty grouse and China pheasant 
seem to overlap in such a manner as to leave them largely independent of one another, 
yet resulting occasionally in the appearance of hybrids. Of these more will be said later. 
As stated before, the grou.se is largely a bird of the timber, appearing in the fields in autumn, 
wintering and breetling in the mountains and foot-hills. The pheasant is primarily a bird 
of the fields, showing only a slight tendency to seek the shelter of the foot-hills during 
winter. 

To know the pheasant well, one must live with him throughout the year. He is a 
bird of moods, influenced by shifting conditions and passing seasons, of which there are 
for him, in reality, but two, — the open and close. Within a few days after the law says 
lu) more shooting, he becomes bold and fearless, even to the extent of sharing the food 
of the barn-yard fowls in winter, though always reserved and suspicious. In the brush 



THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 19 

of the lowlands, or from the open meadow, comes his two-syllabled call in the stillness 
of the evening twilight. From his roost among the grass or sedge tussocks, or the great 
moss-covered branches of an oak, he springs away into the gloom with a startled cry. 
Throughout the long dry summer the young are reared by the female, until the days of 
autumn come ; the male meanwhile frequently greeting you by the roadside with a glance 
of curiosity mingled with reserve, standing a moment, erect, in all his brightness of 
coloration, ducking an instant later to steal silently away among the grass. 

But his quiet soon ends. In the gray dawn of the first day of the open season, his 
peaceful fields soon become a firing-line. In singles, doubles, and fours, reports echo from 
hillside and lowland, and the bewildered bird flees, he knows not where, in escaping 
the hunter, even seeking the friendly orchards of corporate towns where his pursuers 
may not follow. 

His panic is not for long, and here it is that sympathy and admiration go out to the 
bird in this heroic effort to live. Here it is that the traits of stealth, cunning, and endurance, 
which are very life to him, are most strongly shown. The brief space following the first 
day of the open season is usually one of comparative quiet, allowing him to return once 
more to old haunts. The long months of peace have placed him momentarily oft' his 
guard, but like the routed yet determined and undefeated soldier he falls back on his 



20 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

reserve, calliii}^ u}) the best there Is in him. No longer he stands in the open. The hunter 
with his (log enters one side of a field, he slips quietly out the other. The setter, threading 
the stubble in hot seent, points; but before his master has taken a dozen .steps forward, 
the bird slij)s into a dead furrow and runs with the swiftness and stealth of a cat, while 
the dog is inomenturily bafHed. On and on they go, and when at last he comes to point, 
and holds, the hunter is to see a remarkable sight. Suddenly there arches into air, with 
spasmodic cry. and wonderful swiftness and power, the most brilliant and thrilling object 
in all the field of iiplund sport. For the fraction of a moment he poises in the air; only 
to get his bearings, then away! — gradually rising for a hundred yards or more, with 
intermittent cry and vibrating ribbon-like tail, to drop again into a sinking, soaring flight, 
far over the meadows. Strong men follow this elusive game, and when the law's limit 
for the day (10 l)irds) has been reached, both man and dog are ready to rest. 

His home life is j)eaceful, as (piiet as are the colors of his nuite. 

One late-spring morning a boy went fishing up one of the little streams beside our 
town. In (jue.st of bait he strolled into a near-by pasture for "hoppers." A few yards 
iidand he suddenly stopped short and whistled a low, long-drawn note. 

"An old China's nest." he breathed, and after standing a moment shrugging his 
shoulders in childish admiration. ti})toed away. That night he told me of his find. 



THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 21 

"Yes sir, a China's nest with a dozen eggs!" 

"You go over the trestle and drop down into the pasture, then follow an open furrow 
southwest about ten yards until a pole and balm tree on your right come in line, then 
over at the foot of a little rose-bush about five steps away you'll find the nest." 

Next morning I went "over the trestle," and there in a slight dusty hollow, probably 
the footprint of some heavy animal, made when the ground was soft, surrounded by a 
little dead grass, and shaded by a mere sprig of briar, scarcely more than a foot high, 
lay a nest full of beautiful brownish-drab eggs. One more had been deposited, and today 
there were thirteen, but not a bird in sight. Two days later I returned to find the same 
conditions, and so with occasional visits during subsequent days. Only twice did I get 
a glimpse of the buffy-brownish mother as she slipped quietly from the nest into the sur- 
rounding grass, and then only towards the end of the period of incubation. But on the 
twenty-second day after the last egg had been deposited, several little chips appeared 
on the hitherto glassy shells and many far-away voices peeped faintly from their prisons. 
The following day revealed thirteen empty shells, but not a bird in sight; they had been 
led to the brush by the anxious mother. 

Summer passed with only an occasional glimpse of the little brood, now in tlie l)ushes, 
again sunning or dusting in the powdery wagon-trail, but not until early autunni did the 



22 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

young males begin to discard the quiet dress of the mother for their brilliant adult plumage. 

The fact l)efore referred to, that hybrids are appearing among the grouse and pheas- 
ants, is creating a good deal of popular comment and scientific interest. Already several 
of these cros.ses between the China pheasant and sooty grouse have appeared, bred in the 
wild, and it is rather unauthentically reported that ruffed grouse hybrids have also been 
seen in the Valley. There are in Corvallis at the present time, strange, ungainly birds, 
resulting from the cross between pheasants and domestic fowls. 

The sooty grouse-pheasant hybrids are beautiful birds, but rather inert and spirit- 
less, showing, in an interesting though an inconstant way, markings of both species. Two 
of these birds, captured in the woods while still chicks, and reared in captivity, led peace- 
ful, uneventful lives, growing to a magnificent size, but showing no inclination to breed. 

Of late years there has been shown among the residents of Western Oregon a desire 
to domesticate China pheasants, but on account of the apparently untamable nature of 
the birds, the results are often discouraging, though by exercising skill and knowledge 
together with the proper amount of patience and perseverance, very gratifying results 
arc obtained by some, and their rearing in domestication has led to an industry of con- 
siderable interest and importance. 

In domestication the eggs of the pheasant are usually hatched under bantam hens, 



THE CHIRA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 23 

with which the chicks run for some time subsequently. i\s might be expected, the last 
few days before hatching are full of interest and anticipation for the pheasant-breeder. 
At first tiny chips appear. These enlarge somewhat and the chick seems to turn. With 
the little embryonic elevation on the beak it again cracks the shell, turns still farther, 
and cracks again until a line has been broken two thirds of the way around. Then by 
renewed effort on the part of the chick, the lid-like top of the shell is forced off. It fre- 
quently happens that the shell membrane remains unbroken under the uninjured part, 
thus forming a hinge for the lid. 

The young pheasants are at first fed on a meal consisting of hard-boiled egg and rolled 
oats, and later with fresh-ground meat crumbled with shorts and cracked wheat. Young 
pheasants are very fond of both adult flies and their larvie, and in order that these 
insects may be secured for them it is customary to place a little fresh meat in the yards to 
attract the flies, and it is not an uncommon sight to see a little circle of half-fledged chicks 
sitting in the sun about a piece of meat waiting for the luckless fly to alight upon a grass- 
blade beside them. 

One breeder, the most successful of those operating on a large scale, after carefully 
studying and experimenting for ten years, has succeeded in bringing to maturity only a 
relatively small percentage of those hatched. Freedom seems to be their one great desire. 



24 THE CHINA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OREGON 

so jHTsistently shown as they pace restlessly back and forth behind their prison netting. 
We are doubly impressed with this fact as we ])ass to adjoining runs containing golden 
and silver ])heasants in perfect content. 

This biiefly is the story of the introduction of the China pheasant into Oregon, a 
short history of an exj)erinient so marked with success as to cause national comment. 




PETERSON'S BUTTE 
Where the pheasants were first liberated. The immediate foreground is typical pheasant cover 



44 THK ( niNA OR DENNY PHEASANT IN OKE(JO.\ 

so iMTsi pttt« restlessly bark and forth behind their juixui netting. 

WV Ih this fact as we |»ass to adjoining runs containing golden 

HI,,) ct «>«jntent. 

- of the intnxlnction of the China piieasant into Oregon, a 
^\^^^r -nt so marked witli success as to cause national comment. 



3TTJa ?.' AO^ilET3'\ 






^\* .■■ -A -■' 




CHINA OR DEiSIKY PHEASANT (female), one-fourth natural size 







.^mA 




9sia UiDjan dJiuo}-9no .(slamal) THA8AaH'I Y/.ViaU JIO AHIHD 






NEST OF CHINA PHEASANT 




THASAHU'I a/.ih:) 'lO TKa/ 



raan uaxflaaaa 




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CHINA PHEASANT CHICKS 
Note how well they liarinonize with the surrounding grass-blades and leaves, thus being protected by their own markings 



4 



^/ijjH:> r/.i.'.j.xn , / /III > 



THE BEAUTIFUL WILLAMETTE 

Whose partially wooded bottom lands are a natural home for the pheasants. Mountains of the Coast Range in the distance 



':\ll.iirj..\.]i.'<' .\ 111 I I/. .Ill .111 I 
9 malaib oil} ai fjgniiH Jfeso'.") •jill \o anwinuoM .ittManaoriq jill io1 inuifl iKiiiJan « otb abnel mottod baboow ^Kaihaq ieoii'ff 



s 



SOOTY GROUSE (male) {Dendragapus obscurus juliginosus) 
One-third natural size. A native grouse of the timber country, inhabiting the coast mountains from Alaska to California 



^S^. 



ff^m 







(tu«ORt^tW\ «inir»<io »uv\n8Dt\MnQ.) (akra) aS'JOflO '/T008 





HYBRID: CIUNA PHEASANT — SOOTY GROUSE 
One-fourth aatura! size. Large, strong, and handsome, but sluggish and inert 



r 






agfJOHO /T008 — TKAaAHHI A/.IHO raiflSYH 
littni bn£ ileigjiila )ud .amcebnsrf baa .'jnoilg ,33i8>.I .ssia (siulisa lUiuol-snO 



WILLOW PTARMIGAN (Lagojms lagopus) 

Two-fifths natural size. This species is found in Alaska. A near relative, the white-tailed ptarmigan, ranges into Oregon, 

inhabiting the snow peaks of the Cascades as far south as Ml. Jefferson 



.uojcrtO oJoi x^goAi .n. .if>I*(il/. ■ IciuJua zdiM-o-fiT 



SAGE GROUSE (Cenirocercus uropkasianas) (male) 
One-fourth natural size. This "sage hen" is found upon the great sage plains of the west 




J«9W sdl !o iiniulq •»;$«» funs odJ noiii; bmiol fei " aoA 9;jn«" KirfT .osia {s-tuiaa rf}iuol-9ii( ) 



«% 









t^'^M-S^^^.-i^ 




COLUMBIA SHARP-TAILED GROUSE (female) {Pediwcetes phasianellus columbianu?) 
One-third natural size. The Columbia sharp-tailed grouse is the "prairie chicken" ranging west of ^lontana, from central 

Alaska to California 






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OREGON HUFFED GROUSE {Bonasa umhdlus sabini) 
One-third natural size. This is the "druniiiier," rarging from British Columbia to California in the Coast Ranges 




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MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE {Oreortyx pielus) 
One-half natural size. The " quail" found in the humid coast regions from California to Washington 





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VALLEY PARTRIDGE (male) {Lophoriyx calijornicus vallicola) 
Two-thirds natural size. A variety of the California partridge or "quail," extending into southern Oregon 




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BINDERY INC. 

^^ JAN 85 

waj^ N. MANCHESTER, 
^«=*^ INDIANA 46962 






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